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目的 为了掌握新疆维吾尔自治区外环境禽流感病毒潜在威胁和职业暴露人群潜在感染状况，并且对急性突发性传染病疫情及时进行监测预警。方法 血清样本数据与外环境样本均采集自2021–2024年新疆地区的监测点。前者来自家禽养殖、屠宰等职业暴露人群，采用既往检测的红细胞凝集抑制实验结果；后者所覆盖的样本种类包括笼具表面擦拭样本、禽类粪便样本、禽类饮用水样本、禽类清洗污水样本，以及禽肉宰杀和存放案板的表面擦拭样本等，我们对环境样本采用实时荧光定量PCR法对禽流感病毒亚型H5、H7、H9亚型的核酸检测并挑选阳性样本进行HA基因测序和遗传进化分析。结果 共收集血清样本3395份，总阳性率9.40%，其中H5亚型抗体阳性率在2024年显著上升至30.66%。外环境样本5135份，总阳性率20.66%,H9亚型为绝对优势亚型（17.57%）。笼具表面（26.06%）、禽类饮水（25.36%）、清洗污水（22.37%）为高风险污染环境。空间分布显示，阿克苏、伊犁、喀什等地因活禽交易活跃或地处候鸟迁徙通道，病毒污染及混合感染风险较高。基因进化分析显示，H9N2分离株属Y280-like分支，具备哺乳动物受体结合潜力；H5N1分离株属2.3.4.4b分支，与全球高致病性禽流感流行株高度同源。结论 2021-2024年新疆外环境禽流感病毒污染普遍，H9亚型为绝对优势株，笼具表面、禽类饮水、清洗污水为主要污染源。H5亚型于2024年活跃传播，分离株属全球流行的2.3.4.4b高致病性分支，候鸟迁徙存在输入风险。职业暴露人群H5抗体阳性率年内升至30.66%，感染风险持续存在。H9N2病毒已具备哺乳动物受体结合特征，提示跨种传播潜力。建议将高风险环境作为消毒重点，加强候鸟沿线及活禽集散地监测，做好职业人群防护，持续追踪病毒进化动态。
Abstract：Objective To understand the potential threat of avian influenza viruses in the external environment and the potential infection status of occupationally exposed populations in Xinjiang Region, China, so as to achieve timely surveillance and early warning for acute emerging infectious disease outbreaks. Methods Serum samples and environmental specimens were collected from surveillance sites in Xinjiang region from 2021 to 2024. Serum samples were obtained from occupationally exposed populations such as poultry breeders and slaughter workers, with antibody data derived from previous hemagglutination inhibition tests. Environmental samples included surface swabs of cages, poultry feces, poultry drinking water, washing sewage, and swabs from slaughtering and processing cutting boards. All environmental specimens were screened for H5, H7 and H9 avian influenza virus nucleic acids by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. Positive samples were further subjected to HA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results A total of 3,395 serum samples were collected, with an overall positive rate of 9.40%. Among them, the positive rate of H5 subtype antibody increased significantly to 30.66% in 2024. Of 5,135 environmental samples, the overall positive rate was 20.66%, with H9 subtype as the predominant subtype(17.57%). High contamination were detected on cage surfaces(26.06%), in poultry drinking water(25.36%) and washing sewage(22.37%). Spatial distribution showed that Aksu, Ili, Kashgar and other regions with active live poultry trade or located on migratory bird migration routes had higher risks of viral contamination and co-infection. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that H9N2 isolates belonged to the Y280-like lineage with mammalian receptor binding potential, while H5N1 isolates fell into clade 2.3.4.4b, which was highly homologous to globally circulating highly pathogenic avian influenza strains. Conclusion Widespread environmental contamination by avian influenza viruses was found in Xinjiang region from 2021 to 2024, with H9 subtype as the dominant strain. Cage surfaces, poultry drinking water and washing sewage were the main contamination sources. The H5 subtype spread actively in 2024, and the isolates belonged to the globally prevalent clade 2.3.4.4b of highly pathogenic strains, indicating a potential risk of introduction via migratory birds. The H5 antibody positive rate in occupationally exposed populations rose to 30.66% within the year, suggesting a persistent infection risk. H9N2 viruses have acquired mammalian receptor binding characteristics, indicating potential for cross-species transmission. It is recommended to focus disinfection on high-risk environments, strengthen surveillance along migratory routes and live poultry distribution centers, improve protection for occupational populations, and continuously monitor viral evolutionary dynamics.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.13242/j.cnki.bingduxuebao.260028
中图分类号:R511.7;R181.8
引用信息:
[1]拜热娜·伊力哈尔,李泉希,阿依巴提·湖阿提,等.2021-2024年新疆地区职业暴露人群血清学和外环境禽流感病毒监测结果分析[J].病毒学报,2026,42(04):1168-1178.DOI:10.13242/j.cnki.bingduxuebao.260028.
基金信息:
“天山英才”医药卫生高层次人才培养计划（项目号：TSYC202401B003）,题目：基于现场宏基因组测序的急性呼吸道传染病病原识别及暴发分析流程的建立; 新疆重大需求人才支持计划（项目号：XJRC-2025-ZZB-ZDXQ-013）,题目：基于传染病监测预警平台的防控体系研究及推广应用~~
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