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甲型流感病毒（Influenza A virus , IAV）是引起流感的主要病原体之一，其流行病原学特征极为复杂，严重威胁着公共卫生安全。同时，该病毒基因组片段容易变异，进而就提高了基因重配的概率，这也是导致大流行的重要原因。基于表面抗原HA、NA的抗原特性及序列特征的前提下来说，可将IAV分为多种亚型，即H1-H18、N1-N11，而宿主直接决定着不同亚型IAV的易感性，如鸟类就是储存该病毒的自然宿主之一。对于禽流感病毒，存在偶发感染人的现象，包括H5N1、H7N9亚型等。该病毒可通过直接病毒感染及免疫系统反应所引发的组织损伤两种途径来影响呼吸道，与感染者排出的气溶胶、呼吸道分泌物或被呼吸道分泌物污染的物品接触后，则可引发传播事件。本文主要围绕IAV的流行病学特征及防控策略研究进展进行了探讨、分析，以期为我国IAV的防控及公共卫生风险的预警及应对提供重要依据。
Abstract：Objective to summarize the epidemiological characteristics of influenza A virus(IAV) and review recent progress in prevention and control strategies, providing a scientific basis for public health risk assessment and response. Relevant domestic and international literature was reviewed to analyze the epidemiological features, genetic characteristics, transmission patterns, and prevention and control strategies of IAV. Influenza A virus is one of the major causative agents of influenza and poses a serious threat to global public health due to its complex epidemiological characteristics. The segmented genome of IAV is highly prone to mutation, which facilitates genetic reassortment and contributes to the emergence of pandemic strains. Based on the antigenic and sequence characteristics of the surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin(HA) and neuraminidase(NA), IAV is classified into multiple subtypes(H1-H18 and N1-N11). Host species play a decisive role in subtype susceptibility, with aquatic birds serving as major natural reservoirs. Certain avian influenza viruses, such as H5N1 and H7N9, can sporadically infect humans. IAV primarily affects the respiratory tract through direct viral infection and immune-mediated tissue damage. Transmission occurs via exposure to virus-containing aerosols, respiratory secretions, or fomites contaminated with respiratory secretions. The epidemiological complexity, genetic diversity, and cross-species transmission potential of influenza A virus underscore the importance of continuous surveillance and comprehensive prevention and control strategies. A systematic understanding of IAV epidemiology and control measures is essential for strengthening early warning systems and improving public health preparedness and response in China.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.13242/j.cnki.bingduxuebao.250295
中图分类号:R511.7;R181.3
引用信息:
[1]杨丽,代林翔,张俭.甲型流感病毒的流行病学特征及防控策略研究进展[J].病毒学报,2026,42(03):1057-1063.DOI:10.13242/j.cnki.bingduxuebao.250295.
2025-09-21
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2025-12-11
2026-01-23
2026
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2026-01-26
2026-01-26
2026-01-26