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尼帕病毒（Nipah virus,NiV）是一种重要的新发人兽共患病毒，具有较高病死率和显著公共卫生威胁。与许多新发病毒不同，NiV的流行病学特征并不体现为单一传播方式，而是呈现出由自然宿主相关暴露、中间宿主放大及特定场景下人际扩散共同构成的多路径传播模式。本文系统梳理NiV的生态特征、跨物种溢出及人际传播的主要路径及其影响因素，并比较了不同地区主导传播模式的差异。马来西亚/新加坡的疫情暴发主要是以猪作为放大宿主的传播模式，孟加拉国则是果蝠污染食物导致的直接溢出，并伴随有限人际传播，而印度部分疫情则提示家庭和医疗场景中的继发传播风险不容忽视。NiV传播路径的形成并非由单一因素决定，而是病毒特性、自然宿主与中间宿主生态、环境变化、饮食与照护行为以及医疗系统感染防控能力共同作用的结果。NiV防控须遵循同一健康（One Health）理念，围绕传播路径实施分区差异化干预，并持续优化风险认知与防控策略。
Abstract：Nipah virus(NiV) is an important emerging zoonotic virus with high case-fatality rate and a substantial public health threat. Unlike many emerging viruses, the epidemiological characteristics of NiV are not defined as a single mode of transmission, but instead a multi-pathway transmission pattern involving exposure associated with natural reservoirs, amplification through intermediate hosts, and human-to-human spread in specific settings. This article systematically reviews the ecological characteristics of NiV, the major pathways of cross-species spillover and human-to-human transmission, and the factors influencing these processes, while comparing regional differences in dominant transmission patterns. Outbreaks in Malaysia and Singapore were mainly characterized by transmission involving pigs as amplification hosts; in Bangladesh, direct spillover occurred primarily through food contaminated by fruit bats and was accompanied by limited human-tohuman transmission; and some outbreaks in India highlight the risk of secondary transmission in household and healthcare settings. The formation of NiV transmission pathways is not determined by a single factor, but results of combined effects, including viral characteristics, the ecology of natural and intermediate hosts, environmental changes, dietary and care giving behaviors, and the prevention and control capacity of the local healthcare systems. The prevention and control of NiV should follow the One Health approach, implement region-specific interventions targeting distinct transmission pathways, and continuously improve risk awareness and control strategies.
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基本信息:
中图分类号:R373
引用信息:
[1]朱奕奕,董文彬,毛盛华,等.尼帕病毒的传播路径多样性：从跨物种溢出到人际扩散[J].病毒学报().
基金信息:
上海市市级科技重大专项(项目号:ZD2021CY001),题目:重大突发传染病防控关键核心技术研究
2026-09-08
2026-09-08
2026-09-08